What is electrochemical gradient?

An electrochemical gradient is a difference in the concentration of ions across a biological membrane, accompanied by a difference in electrical charge. This gradient is established through the movement of ions across the membrane either by active transport (such as the sodium-potassium pump) or passive diffusion.

The electrochemical gradient plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as the generation of action potentials in neurons, the transport of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the production of ATP in mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation.

In many cases, ions move across the membrane through ion channels or transporters, which are selective for specific ions based on size and charge. The movement of ions across the membrane can be influenced by the electrochemical gradient, with ions flowing down their gradient (from high to low concentration) until equilibrium is reached.

Overall, the electrochemical gradient is essential for maintaining the proper functioning of cells and organisms, and disruptions to this gradient can lead to various health problems.